Saturday, April 4, 2020
Railway Requirements Analysis and Reservation Essay Example
Railway: Requirements Analysis and Reservation Essay Railway Reservation System Requirements Specification Table of Contents 1. Introduction3 1. 1Goals and Purpose3 1. 2Scope of Project3 1. 3Definiton Abbreviations4 1. 4 References 1. 5Overview4 2. Overall Description5 2. 1Product Perspective 2. 2 Product Function 2. 3 User Characteristics 2. 4 General Constraints 2. 5 Assumptions Dependencies 5 3. Specific Requirement6 3. 1External Interface Requirement6 3. 1. 1 User Interface 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interface 3. 1. 3 Software Interface 3. 1. 4 Communication Interface 3. 2Functional Reqiuerment7 3. 3Performance Requirement8 3. 4Design Requirement 3. Attributes 3. 6 Others Requiremnt 9 Requirement Specification Introduction The Railway Reservation System is an online application for assisting user or railway manager in managing reservation in a Railway Department. The system would provide basic set of features to conduct reservation or cancellation, train scheduling timing, search for available reservation, and manage check-in / checkout pr ocesses. The following document provides the key requirements specifications for the system based on the client’s statement of need. Goals and Purpose The Railway Reservation system would have the following key goals: Provide a GUI for user to interface with the backend database Screens to reservation/cancellation database Screens to train schedule Screens to search for a train/seats based on user driven parameters Minimize the overall time 2 Scope of Project The main scope and deliverables of the project would be: Easy, Fast and efficient working Easy way for cancellation and reservation of the tickets. Get exact information about trains, available seat, charges, etc. Faster communication The key milestones and deliverables of the project would be as follows: |Tasks |Deliverable |Due date | |Prepare detailed user |User Requirements Specification |, 2008 | |requirements document | | | |Review the requirements and |Requirements Review Checklist | | |update the requirements document |Template. | | |and obtain client sign-off |Updated URS (Version 2. ) | | |High Level Design of application |HLDD | | |system | | | |Test Plan for application |Test Plan Document | | |Detailed Design Document |Unit Design Document | | |Prototype |Code GUI screens | | |Test Cases and Report |Test report | | |System Demo |Demonstration | | 1. 3. Definition Abbreviations AARS: Automated Railway Reservation System 3 References Railway reservation website Google Books 1. 5 Overview The product of the requirements elicitation process is requirements document, which include functional requirements, interface requirements, performance requirements, design constraints, Preliminary Object-Oriented D omain Analysis, operational scenarios and others requirements. Overall Description 1 Product Perspective We will write a custom essay sample on Railway: Requirements Analysis and Reservation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Railway: Requirements Analysis and Reservation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Railway: Requirements Analysis and Reservation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Automated Railway Reservation System diagram showing the overview of the system’s modules and the relationship of the system to external interfaces is presented in Figure 2. 1. [pic] Functions of System Components: Database: †¢ †¢Ã‚      Stores data †¢ †¢Ã‚      Creates reports †¢ †¢Ã‚      Provides access to data †¢ †¢Ã‚      Updates information Server: †¢ †¢Ã‚      Provides access to the database †¢ †¢Ã‚      Authenticates users †¢ †¢Ã‚      Processes reservations †¢ †¢Ã‚      Performs backups †¢ †¢Ã‚      Produces reports External Interfaces: Terminal †¢ †¢Ã‚      Users use terminals to access the server †¢ †¢Ã‚      Passengers and travel agents use terminals to reserve the tick ets and to get information about the available seats on particular trains. †¢Ã‚      Railroad administration may use terminals to see the reports generated by the database software. Personal Computers †¢ †¢Ã‚      Users (passengers, travel agents, and railroad administration) may use personal computers to obtain a remote access to the server and the reservation database via the Internet. Cell Phones †¢ †¢Ã‚      Server as a medium of accessing the server and the reservation database. †¢ †¢Ã‚      Passengers may use cell phones and the latest telecommunication technologies to access the server and the reservation database via Internet, or they may use cell phones to call travel agents to inquire about railroad and ticket information. Computer Hardware and Peripheral Equipment to be used: †¢ †¢Ã‚      32 workstations, which include CPUs, monitors, keyboards, and mice †¢ †¢Ã‚      Printers †¢ †¢Ã‚      Network †¢ †¢Ã‚      Terminals †¢ †¢Ã‚      Cell phones to test connection to the server via remote access 2 Product Functions. The product main function is to provide functionality to overcome the problem which is faced by the existing system. This product helps any type of user to know each and every thing regarding reservation in any train. It also helps to provide information regarding railways by means of phone so that work can done fast and in very efficient manner. 3 User Characteristics The main users of the system will be the passengers buying train tickets, the travel agents that process reservations for passengers, and the CRM administration that access the reports generated by the system. The users are not required to have knowledge in the computer field. The graphical interface provides an easy way of using the ARRS system with minimum of training. 4 General Constraints. The Product is developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0. The backend database for this SQL Server. The product is accomplished with login facility so that specific function is available to specific users . Under this hardware, software and design constraints we consider. 2. 5 Assumptions and dependencies The assumptions for the project are: †¢Ã‚      There are five classes of tickets as listed below ?  ¦Ã‚      Sleeping (soft) compartment style coaches 4 passenger per compartment ?  ¦Ã‚      Sleeping (hard) compartment style coac hes 6 passenger per compartment ?  ¦Ã‚      Sitting (soft) typical first class coach ?  ¦Ã‚      Sitting (hard) tourist class couch ?  ¦Ã‚      Standing (hard and soft sitting coaches only) †¢ †¢Ã‚      Reservation can be made up to one month before a particular trip. †¢ †¢Ã‚      Seats are assigned during reservation. †¢ †¢Ã‚      Phone reservation involves tickets being purchased within 24 hours after making the reservation. Otherwise, the reservation will be cancelled. †¢ †¢Ã‚      No reservations can be made 48 hours prior to the trip. Rather, it will be done on a first come first serve basis from that point on. †¢ †¢Ã‚      Passenger lists will be provided for conductors at each stop. 3. External Interface Requirement 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces User Interface plays the most important role for communication between user and software product. The interface should present and acquire information in a consistent fashion. 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces ? Operating System: Windows XP/ME ? Processor: Pentium 3. 0 GHz ? RAM: 256 Mb ? Hard Drive: 10 GB 3. Software Interfaces  ¬Ã‚           Database: SQL Server.            Application: Visual Basic 3. 2. Functional Requirements This list of Functional and non functional requirements which are applicable to the Railway Reservation System. This s ection should describe a set of scenarios that illustrate, from the users perspective, what will be experienced when utilizing the system under various situations. In the broad sense, a scenario is simply a proposed specific use of the system. A set of scenarios is represented below_: Use Case: Indian Railways provides for advance reservation on all long-distance travel. The passenger seeking reservation of berth or seats should purchase the tickets from Railway Reservation Offices . To make an advance booking, the passenger is expected to fill in a prescribed application form and submit it to the reservation counter with the appropriate amount. Advanced Reservations are made up to 60 days in advance for all trains, for all classes exclusive of the day of departure of trains. An individual can book only up to six passengers on one requisition form provided all passengers are for the same destination and for the same train. Indian Railways wishes to develop a ticketing and reservation system. This must support advance booking of tickets, cancellation of tickets and change of class of a ticket. All these are handled by a Reservation Clerk. The system will also have a web-interface where users can register themselves and purchase tickets online. They can pay either by using their online banking account or by credit card or by VPP. Reservations made over the internet can only be cancelled across the counter. The system will also have a querying facility that allows users to check train time-tables, fares and availability of tickets. Identify the Actors:- The actors in the system are the passenger, the counter clerk and the reservation system consisting of form processing, reservation, fare computation, ticket processing, ticket printing, collection of fare amount and posting as sub-systems. The passenger is a passive user–actor who initiates the process and obtains the ticket(s), a goal of measurable value. The counter clerk is an active user–actor, who triggers the system and has the role of issuing the tickets with the responsibility of collecting the correct fare amount from the passenger, which is a measurable value. Predesigned and deployed ticket reservation system at the back end is a system actor–user to ensure that ticket processing is done correctly and different system status are updated on issuing of tickets. This actor has an active role and responsibility at the back end. Table:- |User |Roles |Use Case | |1)Person |a)Enquiry |a)Enquire ticket availability and other | | |b)Reservation Ticketing |details. | |c)Cancellation |b)Reserve seats and berths, tickets | | | |c) Cancel tickets | |2)Counter clerk |a)Form data entry |a) Enter Reservation Requisition Form | | |b) Requisition processor booking |b) Process requisition for booking | | |c)Ticket processor |c)Process ticket to print | | |d) Data manager |d) Submits ticket data for updation | |3)Reservation and ticketing system |System server a) Process reservation data, process | | | |ticketing system ticketing process | | | |cancellation | | | |b) Update the status by date, train, etc. | The system has three users, eight roles and eleven use cases. To illustrate the Process of identifying the use cases, let us take the passenger (a user of the system). A passenger as a user may play one or more of three roles. The roles are 1. Enquiring about the availability of tickets on particular dates to a destination and the fare per ticket. The role is enquiring. 2. Reserving the ticket(s) on a particular train on particular date for a destination by requisitioning through a reservation form The role is reserving and booking tickets. 3. Cancelling the tickets after issuing and payment The role is cancelling 1) Use Case:Make Reservation Actors: Passenger, Reservation Clerk Purpose:Reserve a seat or berth Overview:Allows the user to make a reservation for a journey. Normal Flow: 1. User logs in 2. User specifies the train and journey details 3. User specifies passenger details 4. User specifies payment details 5. User confirms transaction 2) Use Case: Cancel Reservation Actors: Reservation clerk, Passenger Purpose: Cancel the ticket Overview:Allows the user to cancel a reservation for a journey. Normal Flow: 1. User logs in 2. User specifies the train and journey details. 3. Clerk checks the time and date of ticket 4. If date is passed there is no meaning of cancelation and if the date is not passed the clerk deducts some transaction fee and returns the remaining amount. 5. Ticket is cancelled. 3) Use Case: Modify class Actors: Reservation clerk, Passenger Purpose: Modify the ticket class Overview: Allows the user to modification of the class according to user demand for a journey. Normal Flow: 1. User logs in 2. User specifies the train and journey details. 3. User specifies payment details 4. User specifies the train detail according to class 4) Use Case: Print ticket Actors: Reservation clerk, passenger Purpose: print the ticket Overview: Allows the user to give the ticket to the passenger for a journey. Normal Flow: 1. User logs in. 2. User specifies the train and journey details. 3. User specifies payment details 4. Reservation clerk print the ticket according to users details 5) Use case: Query Timetable Actors: User, Query counter clerk Purpose: To give the details of train to the passenger for journey Normal Flow:- 1) User log in ) User specifies the particular train details 3) User gets the record according to the train 6) Use case: Check seat Availability Actors: User, Reservation Clerk Purpose: To give information regarding seat availability Normal Flow:- 1) User logs in. 2) User specifies Train details. 3) Check the available seats and reserved seats. 7) Use case: Check Fare Actors: User, Reservation counter clerk Purpose: To give the details of fare to the passenger for journey Normal Flow:- 1) User log in 2) User specifies the particular train details 3) Check the fare 4) User gets the record according to the train 5) Make the reservation 3 Performance Requirements The proposed system that we are going to develop will be used as the Chief performance system within the campus which interacts with the staff and students. Therefore, it is expected that the database would perform functionally all the requirements that are specified by the campus. 1. Design Requirements The proposed system is fully automated. It will give quick response and retrieval time. As everything is automated, not much of human help needed. The data is less questionable when working with computers. The calculations done are more precise and accurate. The processing is easy and usable. The new system is adaptable and can easily be changed according to the user’s need. There is no repetition of data occurs. The data is in Consistent state. 3. 4 Attributes Requirements
Sunday, March 8, 2020
Writing That Is Logical and Coherent
Writing That Is Logical and Coherent According to the 18th century English minister Isaac Watts, It was a saying of the ancients, Truth lies in a well; and to carry on this metaphor, we may justly say that logic does supply us with steps, whereby we may go down to reach the water. Whatever we are writing, our readers will only reach the water, or understand what we have written, if our writing is logical. If we are writing to entertain, our readers may just give up if they find our writing hard to follow. If our technical or academic writing lacks logic, they may have no choice but to struggle for comprehension. However, in either case, without a logical development of the material, our message may be lost, causing the objective of our writing to go unfulfilled.There are several logical methods that we can use to organize our writing. If we are telling a story, we might relate the events in chronological order. For instance, a biography would logically start with the individuals birth and end with their death, with the story of their life told in between. A fictional story would likewise progress from beginning to end, with events related in chronological order.In academic papers, the problem and solution method is often used. The introduction might give the reasons that the writers felt that a particular line of research was needed. This usually includes an outline of the work that has already been done in this area, with the limitations and failings of this research. The rest of the paper then gives a detailed explanation of the solution that the writers have come up with to solve these problems.The cause and effect method is very similar to the problem and solution method. This might be used for an article in a medical journal. The article could begin with a description of a particular lifestyle and then move on to describe the effects of this lifestyle. A more technical article might introduce a new drug and then give a detailed explanation of the effects of this drug.Technical documents, such as manuals or newsletters, often use a topical approach. For example, a software manual may be divided into sections, with each section explaining a different feature of the software. Providing a table of contents in the front and an index in the back allows a reader to easily turn to a specific topic.Of course, these are just examples. Other methods are also available and the methods mentioned above may be used for other forms of writing. The point is: does what weve written approach the subject in a logical way? Is the material organized so that it makes sense to the reader? Do they understand how we got from point A to point B? Does it accomplish what were seeking to accomplish? Does it entertain? Does it explain? Does it educate?In addition to applying logic to the overall organization of our writing, each section, paragraph, and individual sentence should also be logical. This seems like an obvious point. Every writer wants to be understood; he wants his writing to make sense. Yet often, even when all the facts are present, they are difficult to comprehend. For a piece to make sense, it must be coherent. The parts must be logically connected, they must stick together. You might compare this to a jigsaw puzzle. For a jigsaw puzzle or a piece of writing, to make sense, obviously, the pieces must all be there. Yet more is required. The pieces must also be put together in the proper order, and if a piece doesnt fit, it has to either be left out or moved to a place where it will fit. If these rules are not followed, the resulting picture will be difficult to discern.A common mistake in writing is trying to force pieces together. This can cause confusion. How many times have you read a sentence and then struggled to understand the point being made? As an example, consider the sentence, The women loved to cook, and there were three of them. When you read a sentence like that, do you wonder whether there is some significance to the fact that there were three wom en? Often a writer will connect two thoughts together that are not directly related. Sometimes this is done because he wants to include a fact and doesnt know where else to put it. In this example, if the writer needs to inform the reader that there were three women, it would be simpler to say, The three women loved to cook. In this way, the reader can file away the fact that there were three women, without wondering whether this fact has some special significance that he is missing.In the above example, if there is some special significance to the fact that there were three women, further explanation should be provided to make this clear. This can be done either in the same sentence or in a second sentence. For instance, The women loved to cook, and since there were three of them, the kitchen was often crowded. Or, The women loved to cook. Since there were three of them, this meant that the kitchen was often crowded. By using the words since and this meant, the reader clearly under stands the relationship between the fact that they loved to cook and the fact that there were three of them.In other cases, it may be that no relationship exists between two parts of a sentence. Two phrases may have been put together simply out of convenience. For example, The women loved to cook, and the sky was very dark that day. If these two phrases have no relationship, the reader will be confused. Even dividing them into separate sentences will not be enough. The reader will still be looking for a relationship. If none exists, he will feel that he has missed something. In this case, the whole paragraph may need to be revised, moving one of these pieces of the puzzle to a place where it makes more sense.To ensure that each sentence logically follows the one before, it may be helpful to think in terms of connective words. To continue a thought, you might use words like in addition, likewise, moreover, etc. To enumerate a list of facts you could use words or phrases such as initi ally, next, following this, etc. To show how one thing is the consequence of another, words like consequently, therefore, and admittedly might be helpful. Contrasts can be highlighted with words or expressions like however, on the other hand, nonetheless, in contrast, etc. Other connective words include certainly, obviously, undoubtedly, for example, in conclusion, finally, since, etc. These words might be used to connect two phrases together, or at the beginning of a sentence to connect it to the one before. Of course, it is not necessary to use a connective word for each sentence. It would probably sound strange if we did. Still, it is good to think in terms of connective words. It should be obvious that each sentence is connected to the one before it. It is helpful to read the piece out loud, perhaps with someone else listening. Does it flow smoothly? Does each sentence lead naturally to the next, or does it seem to jump from one point to another?To summarize, writing should be l ogical. It should be coherent, flowing smoothly from sentence to sentence and paragraph to paragraph. The reader should not have to guess at the relationship between subsequent statements. This is true regardless of the type of writing involved. Various methods can be used to organize our writing in a logical way, including chronological order, problem and solution, cause and effect, and a topical arrangement.If our writing is logical and coherent, we will have succeeded in reaching down into our personal well of truth, providing our readers with the waters of understanding.
Friday, February 21, 2020
Reflection of this course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Reflection of this course - Essay Example Tentatively, it has given me the chance to have a critical outlook and view when pursuing facts and principles or ideas in my world. Secondly, I also enjoyed and took a lot of care and interest in the learning objective which required us to produce research materials for specific audiences. I find this issue to be of high relevance especially after being tasked with the privilege of doing annotated bibliography. I am of the humble and respectful opinion that I did well in composing the annotated bibliography of the source required of me. For instance, I did well in pin-pointing with an utmost precision the exact and intended destination of the academic materials that I considered. I also enjoyed the learning objective of using the print and digital media to speak to different people or audiences. I was guided and greatly helped to know that media is not just a form of passage of information and communication, but it is also a tool for contacting different people in diverse ways. It is to say that the objective was to introduce me to the field of knowing and treating people or relating to people differently by use of the different media tools and sources. Subsequently, it was an objective to integrate evidence from reading and then synchronize them with my own ideas and ideals in order to produce masterpiece and quality works. I am of the respectful view that I did that when I was composing the annotated bibliographies, I had the benefit of inculcating my knowledge with the clinical or academic knowledge present. I believe I excelled accordingly in those learning objectives which was attested when I gave my arguments while composing the annotated bibliography. On the contrary, there are goals that I would wish to put in more effort and energy so as to realize the best or maximum results. For instance, the goal of being able to read and think critically about the diverse cultural and social perceptions from the texts we read would have to be considered and
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Native American Totem Poles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Native American Totem Poles - Research Paper Example It had the ability to protect those dwelling within the household (Stewart 24). There is also the memorial and mortuary pole each with its own characteristics. This essay will explore the artistic nature of the Haida people mainly focusing on their totem poles, the style used in designing the pole, the meaning of the pole, reviewing an example a pole, and various criticisms highlighted by art historians based on them. In terms of style, a characteristic feature of the pole used that cannot be ignored is the nature of the eye set. The eyes are designed to peer down at the viewer from the position on the pole (Kramer 77). To understand the meaning of totem pole, they are viewed and interpreted from the top to the bottom. Kramer goes on to assert, â€Å"Well-formed eyes feature inner pupils and outer lids†(77). The lines of the Haida poles flow from one decoration to the next. Humans if they appear seem typically smaller than other figures. On other hand, they show fully dimensioned animals with well-rounded body parts and separate personalities (Kramer 77). To note is that with the Haida totem poles they remained unpainted which, is a contrasting feature as compared to other totem poles. For example in cultures such as the Kwakiutl there is the use of brightly painted colors such as white, red, yellow, brown and black colors. In consideration to the meaning of the totem pole, symbolism plays a major part in their displays. For example in the picture below, each aspect of the totem has a meaning. Here two security guards flank the killer whale. The killer whale fin rises between the hats of the security guards, whose hats indicate chiefly wealth and status. The long beaked bird representing the Raven crescent has a young bird and human face on its breast. A small human face supports the bear and leans above the face of the bottom figure. This may represent the bear mother story, which, is about a
Monday, January 27, 2020
Renault and Nissan Change Management
Renault and Nissan Change Management Renault and Nissan were merged on 27 March 1999; The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the first of its kind involving Japanese and a French company. Renault was identified for modern design and Nissan for the excellence of its engineering. The two companies had just decided to a most important strategic alliance in which Renault would take for granted $5.4 billion of Nissans Debt in return for a 36.6% equity sthare in the Japanese company. Before the alliance it was concluded that the combined company would be the worlds largest carmaker. Many changes implemented in the company which are described in this assignment. In short they focused on vintages, increased the packages of the employees according to their performances. The leaders were explained their responsibilities and the top performers were given tricky work. The customers only want the performance of the employees and good quality of products. Now the status of Renault-Nissan alliance is that it is a 3rd largest company in the global market. Cross functional teamwork has been central to the Nissan turnaround. Cross functional team refers to group of people with different functional specialties or skills, responsible for carrying out all phrases of a program or project from start to end. Nissan has very good cross functional team. They work in different areas and they are doing a fan ominous job in an organization. Therefore the result is much better and accurate and as a result Nissan has a very good reputation and opportunity in the global market. Introduction Nissan automobile company founded Yokohama city Japan since 1933. Company production and service network is around 160 countries in all of word. Company worldwide head office is Japan. President of Nissan motor co. ltd is Mr. Carlos Ghosn. Nissan have very good and best engineer and technology team so Nissan is best of diesel engine technology. (Carlos, 2009) Renault is an international motor company based in France. Renault was founded by Louis Renault and his brothers Marcel and Femand in 1899. Company worldwide head office is Boulogne-Billancourt France.. Renault is most popular on stylish and design based model. Renault is known worldwide our look. (Louis, Schweitze, 2007) Renault-Nissan Alliances Nissan and Renault were merged Tokyo on 27 March 1999. Louis Schweitzer, CEO of Nissan Motor Co., both announce today a worldwide partnership contract that would create the fourth largest automaker in the world, while achieve money-making growth for both partners. Renault Nissan has made a modern business model that has formed large value for both companies. Renault is investing us $ 5.4 billion in Nissan by taking a 36.8% equity share in Nissan motor company. (Carlos, 2002) Literature review of Leadership and Change Management Nissan Renault alliances is following transformation leadership change management theory, because Nissan Renault got good effects so that they applied this theory. Transformation leadership theory This theory is all about leadership that make encouraging change in the followers or employers. They take care of every one interests and task in the interests of the group as an entire. Leaders task is consciousness-raising on a big planning. The leaders basic and primary act is to persuade people to be aware or mindful of what they feel to feel their right requirements so strongly, to classify their values so significantly. This leadership style, the leader enhances the inspiration, ethical and performance of his follower group. This leadership is all about principles and importance, and a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on top order requirements. Transformational leadership can be applied in this case change management situation and context is ideally suitable to the holistic and broad view perspective of a programme based approach to change management and it can be a key element of successful planning for managing change. The companies had started making the combined engine and the whole staffs were transformed. (Stephen, 2008) Change management Change management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organization from a current and a desired future state. Organizational process aimed at empowering employees to accept and embrace changes in their current business environment. In project, change management refers to a project management process where changes to a project are formally introduced and approved. Benefits of change management Change management takes the precious time of your organization most precarious employees. Process of change management is worth the trouble. Change management helps to lower risks add with change, eliminate resource conflicts and repetition, and learn from successes and mistakes of the past. Change management can offer an inside means to achieve the near-universal goals of advanced internal teamwork and external end-user satisfaction. (Geoff, 2007) Kurt Lewin Change Management Model Kurt Lewin model have a three step theory of change generally referred to as unfreeze, change, freeze. It is possible to obtain this stage to fairly difficult levels but I dont consider this is essential to be capable to work with the theory. A group has transformed since the theory was presented in 1947, but the model is very relevant. Any other change models are based on this model. This model is dividing three stages. Unfreezing Unfreezing step/ period is possibly single of the more significant stage to know in the humanity of change we live in at present. This step is about reaching ready to change. It involves reaching to a point of considerate that change is essential, and needed. This starting/initial stage is about prepare others, before the transform Deadline comes various type of reward or punishment connected to the work. If theres no time limit, then change is lower than the required to change. Theres a lot of minor inspiration to make a transform and get on with it. Unfreezing and reaching enthused for the change is all about consider up the profit and loss and deciding if the profit outnumber the losses before you take any action. Force Field examination is a modern way of saying that there are a lot of dissimilar factors (forces) for and next to making change that we require to be conscious of (analysis). The factors of change be more important than the factors aganist change we will create change Unfreezing step involve moving ourselves, or a department, or In business need to motivation for change analysis Kurt Lewin Force Field is a helpful way to understand this procedure. Change or transition Kurt Lewin was conscious that change is not an occasion, but quite a procedure. He calls that procedure a change. Change is the internal progress. This middle phase make the changes that are essential. This step is frequently the hardest as people are uncertain or still afraid. transform is not an trouble-free time as people are discover concerning the changes and require to be given time to know and work with them. Support is really significant here and can be in the form of training, coaching, and expect mistake as part of transformation process Freezing This process is while a group of people move to it as refreezing. This step is about establishing immovability once the changes have been completed the changes are usual and become the new standard. Its repeatedly at this point that people express amusement and tell me that almost there is never time for this this step. And it now this thats drained criticism to this model. We should think about this last step as being more flexible. Todays speed of transform this is a sensible criticism. Reinforcing the change and ensure that the required change is acknowledged and continue into the future. And it also relates in Renault Nissan alliances because according to this theory there first step to make plans like: How to change the behaviour of the employee. How to increase their energy level. How they come out their work-stress How they maintain themselves. i.e. called Unfreezing, then it take action steps for getting success in the plan i.e. called Changing, then the results come whatever changes have been done in behaviour of the employee and their energy level i.e. called Refreezing. So in this way we can say that this theory has also applied in this change management in Sony Pictures. (kottler, 2009) Consequences of change In 1999, Nissan was in need of Renaults cash to reduce its debt and Renault wants North America market share which was essential for Renault to expand in its global market. Nissan had more financial lose so he want more cash because he wanted to come out of debt. Success of this alliances depended on turning a Nissan got benefit more again. Nissan earn more than any other company in comparison. Nissan have debt problem in 1999 11.2 billion $ so this reason Nissan was agreed to the alliance. Nissan needs investments by any company in its aging product line. Nissan had $4 billion and above invested in different companies. But Nissan had a more and more financial lose Renault paid all off Nissans debt. in return process Nissan give Renault 36.6% equity share in our company. Hence nearly 15000 employees had to leave their jobs because of utilization. (Carlos, 2002) Change agent and Resistance Change agent Change agent human ability or company body of things to gating a higher degree of outcome. Beginning with the end in mind, the goal of a change agent is really to make changes. Result of change agent work is to enable people to do more, or search a new and good perspective on life. Carlos Ghosn was change agent Nissan Renault alliances; he was playing our role very wall. This processes in which he acted as. Carlos Ghosn organized nine cross functional team for tacking Nissan problems. Teams were the key to his success in revitalizing Nissan. Ghosn explained to employees at all levels of the company that they themselves possessed solutions to Nissans problems. According to Ghosn, it was neither top-down nor bottom-up. It was the way of both top-down and He was the one who was before all the changes taking place in the organization. (Carlos, 2002) Change resistance There should act more transparent and groups when last change attempted for their progress. Key words here are perceived and threat. The threat require not be actual or big for resistance to happen. In its common warning it refers to change within company, while it also is found in another place in other forms. Resistance is the equal of objections in sales and divergence in common negotiations. Resistance can receive many forms, include actively or passively, open or hidden, individual or structured, aggressive. Renault is French Automobile co. and Nissan is japans co. Both of company environment and culture is very different so employees had culture environment problems in starting of analyse. Because employees were not adapting a proper way new environmental culture they were also facing leadership change problems; they were not accepted in proper way new leadership starting of alliances. (NAKAE, 2002) Changes during Merger Principle and structure of Renault Nissan Alliance March 27, 1999, the Renault-Nissan Signed Alliance is a new partnership of two global companies joint for performance and linked by cross-shareholdings. It is based on two founding principle. All potential synergies developed by together the strengths of Renault Nissan through a approach to make Win-Win results Every company freedom and respecting their own corporate and brand identities Alliance develops and applies a planning of gainful growth and set itself the following objectives Customers recognized as being among the top three automotive groups in the class and value of its products and services in every region. Make a total operating profit among the top three automotive groups in the world, by maintaining a high operating profit margin and pursuing growth. (Carlos, 1999) Structure of Alliance Renault holds 44.3% equity share in Nissan, Nissan owns 15% of equity shares Renault. Both organizations have a straight attention in the results of our partner. Renault-Nissan has common strategic management structure of the Renault-Nissan group was founded on March 28, 2002. Incorporated under Dutch law, Renault-Nissan is similar own by Renault and Nissan. Registered office of Renault Nissan Alliance is situated Paris and Tokyo alliance board meets regularly. (Carlos, 2002) http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/COMPANY/PROFILE/ALLIANCE/RENAULT03/IMAGES/idx_ill_flow01.gif Picture.- Structure of alliance (Carlos, 2002) Cross-cultural management Renault-Nissan Alliance makes a great experience in multi-cultural management at all stages. Renault Nissan employs work together every year management make 30 team. Team member is both of company employers they are selected different region. Contribute our knowledge and generate new things. They are help in companys growth. Thousands of people work together and share our idea that is very great and best cross cultural management (Carlos, 2002) Effects After change Alliances Combined Sales After alliances Nissan Renault share our market Nissan is share our North American market and Renault is share our European market. Both have very great market opportunity. 1999 combined vehicles sales 4,882,235. Combined vehicles sales are improved year by year in 2007 and 2008 sales around 6,160,046 and 6,090,304. Nissan Group sales are 3,708,074 units Renault Group sales are 2,382,230 units. Renault-Nissan Alliance global market share 9.4% (Carlos, 2008) Research and development Both are companies sharing our technology in common platforms. They are using common parts and tools to developing technology and new entrepreneur. This alliance makes very good economic scale and reduces production cost (Carlos, 2009) Exchanges of power trains and common power trains To capitalize on the power train of Renault Nissan developed common diesel engines technology and gear box, including a six-speed manual gear box and a new 6 cylinder diesel engine. Both of company exchanges engines or gearboxes for example, the Nissan 2.5 litre gasoline engine for Renault Logan and Renault 1.8-liter diesel engine for Nissan. (Carlos, 2009) Explanation of the portfolio of advanced technology Renault Nissan is sporting on arranging field of research and modern technology. Renault and Nissan used common technology arrangement depend on four usual pillars: Safety, Environment-CO2, Life-on-Board and Dynamic Performance. (Carlos, 2009) MANUFACTURING Renault plant use standard technology for production Nissan use Renault plant for production from implemented. It improves 15% of Renaults production. They are developed common procedure plant by using the best affect for corporation. Alliance incorporated developed System (AIMS), which will originally be used at green field sites in India) and Morocco. (Carlos, 2009) Cross production Inside the Alliance, every company has the chance to use the manufacturing capacity of its partner. Today, Renaults plants manufacture Nissan vehicles in Korea and Brazil, while Nissan assembles Renault vehicles in South Africa, Mexico and Spain. Nissan Renault uses our partner plant for production. (Carlos, 2009) Conclusion Both of company people with different functional specialties or multidisciplinary skills, responsible for carrying out all phrases of a program or project from start to finish. Nissan have very good cross functional team. They work in different areas and they are doing a fan ominous job in an organization. Therefore the result is much better and accurate and as a result Nissan has a very good reputation and opportunity in the global market company can be transformed without destroying its identities; you should respect the dignities of the employees in the company.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Digging Seamus Heaney was born on April 13, 1939, on a farm in Essay ex
Digging Seamus Heaney was born on April 13, 1939, on a farm in Castledawson, County Derry, Northern Digging Seamus Heaney was born on April 13, 1939, on a farm in Castledawson, County Derry, Northern Ireland, the eldest of eight children. In 1963, he began teaching at St. Joseph's College in Belfast. The first poem I’ll be looking at is ‘digging’ it was written in 1966. The poem consists of 9 stanzas that vary between two lines and five lines in length. There is no pattern to the stanzas, perhaps to reflect the idea that there is no pattern or predictability to our memories. In the poem there is quite a variation in the language e.g. the title is blunt. It is only when we have read the poem carefully that we realise that all three generation are involved in digging: his grandfather dug turf, his father dug up potatoes, Heaney is digging up his memories and his past. There is quite a lot of words ending in ‘ing’. ‘Digging’ ‘Rasping’ and ‘Slicing’ this gives the poem a feel of action like your actually there. It gives the reader the effect of being there seeing it hearing it smelling it almost touching it. It gives the poem a certain flow, the poem doesn’t start and stop it flows from one stanza to another. The poem begins in the present tense as Heaney describes seeing his elderly father straining among the flowerbeds, then goes into the past tense when he remembers his father and grandfather at work. The last two stanzas return to the present, when Heaney realises that his work is to write. The final line, however, is in the future tense, to emphasise Heaney's determination ‘I’ll dig’. He then describes his father and his grandfather as they work, he describes to us their movements and... ...e. It repeats the opening lines: 'Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests.' Yet the gun image is replaced by 'I'll dig with it.' His pen becomes a metaphorical spade. This suggests that his pen is his tool, just as the spades were tools for his father and grandfather. It also suggests that Heaney wants to 'go back to his roots’ to dig into his past through his writing. There is a lot of repetition in the poem, the words â€Å"dig’ and â€Å"digging†are used. This shows the importance of digging, for peat and potatoes, it also show how it is part of his families heritage and has been going or generations. A few lines near the beginning of the poem have fairly conventional rhymes: thumb/gun, sound/ground/down; thereafter the poem is unrhymed, though there are repeated sounds such as the echoing ing sounds in 'nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods'
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Marketing Blockbuster
Blockbuster is an entity in operation of varied websites which are aimed at protecting individuals work from external piracy. Its administration follows a responsive schedule of administrative activities through which it can provide its service to its customers in the most efficient manner.  Service is organized through the online, where personal information is collected for the processing of such protection to piracy of materials from its users. In all its activities it exercises high marketing orientations for its services to its current user and even non-user. Strengths: By the nature of its activities, its services are offered for the protection of piracy in people’s production and works. Firstly, this is an adaptative feature with Blockbuster, where it can even capture many users in respect to the current problem in piracy of copyrighted work and other materials. Piracy has been voiced as a global problem, which has called for many sanctions, laws and regulations for the protection of individuals work. There have been many attempts by many governments in order to control the state of piracy among productions. To Blockbuster, they attempt to formulate a strategy that works to protect piracy in productions have had it get many customers who try to seek refuge in their work against piracy. Either, it has a diversified plane of the customers that it serves in which case, Blockbuster serves varied discipline of materials against piracy. Through this, it can thus reach many varied character traits and customers work productions Block duster has wide spread website advertisements that captures many customers. Such a method helps to reach many customers. Weaknesses The organizational structure of service to customers consists of a system of broad requirements where it has to collect wide range personal information from its customers. Such system has been composed of too informal and bureaucratic requirements that only work to outweigh the strengths born to its customers. Either, the exercise of joining the organization by the customers has also been too expensive in terms costs. This problem has even led to failure by most interested parties to join the system for their services. The system also addresses on specific requirements for the customers to join it, where some specific requirements to the work under protection is required. This has worked to outweigh most of the customers to joining the system. Opportunities Due to its varied nature of its operations, Blockbuster has the potential of expanding and even reaching many people. Its operation is based on voluntary basis where any interested individual can join the organization. It’s highly non discriminative in terms of geographical, ethnic or even racial grounds. With this modality, it invites all interested people who can join their service provision. Either, its operations are done online which reduces the effect of distance barrier for people in receiving their services. It can therefore attract many people through more online administration. Due to the expanding nature of protection to materials in the globe, Blockbuster have a broad arena of expanded horizons in giving services to its customers who are highly in an attempted to seek protection of their work against piracy. (McConnell, 2004) Threats Its high administrative requirements for personal material which is too inefficient to the people may bring a high competition issues by its competitors which may finally lead to them being outweighed. Either, the general administration policies seek to reduce the interest of its customers from joining the organization in the complaint of bureaucratic requirements for customer’s service. Either, selectivity to material under protection results to a reduced interest by making people in joining it to complain of their inability to meet the requirements for their admission. Marketing strategies Blockbuster marketing consists of varied modalities that are aimed at improving its marketing system. A coordinated marketing strategies approach enables it to prevail in the market, which is full of other competitors. Perhaps the most evident marketing strategy attribute with Blockbuster is its decentralized positioning. Unlike other firms which work only within a limited radius of customers’ service, Blockbuster uses online system to reach its customers. This is a strategy that seeks to lower distance inefficiencies for services to customers. For Blockbuster, perhaps its biggest success comes from the nature of tits activities branding. It is known to be a service provider in relation to provision of protection on piracy to peoples work. With its services brand category, the organization attracts many customers who seek such services. Either, piracy evident in a broad range of production works helps the organization to reach many customers. In order to capture the interest of many customers, Blockbuster has used an attractive package in pricing its services. Its price is relatively low and varies substantially to the work under piracy protection. Generally, Blockbuster has used a low price cost for its services which even makes it to compete with its competitors in the market. Due to its high turnover, it has even increased in expansion over the past two years. Blockbuster offers a broad range of piracy protection services to its customers. Such works are copyrighted material, electronic digital work and different patent righted works. The nature of its services is both on small and large scale service provisions which ensure that, it serves all the possible customers in the market. Such service is strictly devised to be online to secure different market efficiencies and economies. This is perhaps a good market strategy that helps it to reach its customers easily. Perhaps the greatest marketing strategy that is evident with Blockbuster is its dynamic placement of it operational centers. It consists of online provision of piracy protection service to its customers. Such method of service provision is non-discriminatory to the distances and thus customers can be served from varied places. This decentralized marketing system helps it capture more customers. (Smith, 1997, p.112) It uses various promotion strategies to expand its catchments area; firstly, it has developed a broad internet advertisement that seeks to reach many people at different places. Internet advertising is indiscriminative to place and other advertising inefficiencies. Such methods help to capture many customers at cheap cash. Above internet advertising, Blockbuster has administered a personal selling strategy where it has employed its agents who personally visit customers at different point. Such agency system helps even to improve on the firms’ popularity to those who may not be aware. Above general sales, the agents help to sale on the business stakeholder ship of the firm. The organization has engaged in diverse various promotions on its products. It has offered cost advantages to huge customers who are offered with price reductions and other after sale services. Other cost efficient allowances are given to new members. Other promotions services are free offers on purchase of some service in regard to service offered or even time frame aspect. (Smith, 1997, p.59) Above all, the promotion behaviour has high sense of public relations to its customers. Its administrative layout is designed to provide the highest customer relations that ensure developed interest by the customers to the firm’s services. The frame of administrative structure focuses on ensuring the high customers satisfaction above efficiency and low cost of service. Reference Smith, G. (1997) The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press McConnell, A (2004) Making Wal-Mart Pretty: Trademarks and Aesthetic Restrictions on Big             Box Retailers. Duke Law Journal, vol. 53   Â
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